[1]
“CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE THEORY AND THE PHASES OF CIVILIZATIONAL EXPANSION AND COLLAPSE FROM THE ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER ARNOLD TOYNBEE’S VIEW”, IDPR, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 2567–2587, Jul. 2024, Accessed: Aug. 10, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://idpr.org.uk/index.php/idpr/article/view/337