DRY SOCKET: AN IN-DEPTH OVERVIEW

Abstract

Dry socket, or alveolar osteitis (AO), is a painful condition that occurs after tooth extractions, particularly in mandibular third molars. It arises due to the premature loss or dissolution of the blood clot, which is critical for normal healing. This results in exposed alveolar bone, severe pain, and delayed healing. The etiology of dry socket is multifactorial, involving biological, mechanical, and microbial factors such as enhanced fibrinolysis, bacterial colonization, and surgical trauma. Notable risk factors include smoking, hormonal influences, systemic conditions like diabetes, and improper post-operative care. Prevention strategies include patient education, the application of chlorhexidine, atraumatic surgical techniques, and the use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). Management focuses on pain relief through medicated dressings, irrigation, pharmacological interventions, and advanced therapies like low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and ozone therapy. This article provides an in-depth exploration of the etiology, risk factors, prevention, and management of dry socket, supported by evidence-based research to aid clinicians in optimizing patient outcomes.