GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THEIR USES, ADVANCEMENTS, AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN DENTISTRY

Abstract

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are versatile and widely used dental materials that have revolutionized restorative, preventive, and adhesive procedures in dentistry. Since their introduction in the early 1970s, GICs have undergone significant advancements, evolving from conventional formulations to resin-modified and bioactive glass ionomers. This review explores the unique properties of GICs, including fluoride release, chemical adhesion to tooth structures, biocompatibility, and thermal expansion, which make them suitable for a variety of clinical applications. These include their use in restorative dentistry for non-carious cervical lesions, pediatric dentistry, fissure sealants, atraumatic restorative treatment (ART), orthodontics, and as luting agents for cementation. Additionally, the article discusses the limitations of GICs, such as low tensile strength, moisture sensitivity during setting, and aesthetic shortcomings, and highlights the advancements made to address these challenges. Emerging innovations, including resin-modified GICs, bioactive GICs, and nano-modified GICs, have enhanced their mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and aesthetics, expanding their clinical utility. This review underscores the importance of GICs in modern dentistry and their potential for future development to meet evolving clinical demands and improve patient outcomes.