BLOCKCHAIN SCALABILITY SOLUTIONS: LEVELS AND METHODS

Abstract

This paper explores modern approaches to addressing key challenges of scalability, security, and performance in blockchain systems. The focus is on sharding technologies, directed acyclic graph (DAG) architectures, and consensus algorithms such as Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT). The study highlights successful implementations of sharding in systems like RepChain, OmniLedger, and Meepo, showcasing their efficiency in cross-shard communication, atomic transactions, and reputation mechanisms. The advantages and limitations of DAG-based architectures, applied in IOTA and Nano, are analyzed, emphasizing their potential for high scalability and energy efficiency. An evaluation of consensus algorithms underscores their impact on the balance between security, decentralization, and performance.

The findings confirm the potential of integrating these solutions to develop robust and scalable blockchain platforms suitable for real-world applications in sectors such as finance, logistics, and the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper provides a foundation for further research on advancing decentralization technologies and enhancing their adaptability to practical deployment scenarios.