GUAN GONG: AN EMBLEM OF FIDELITY AND MORALITYIN CHINESE SOCIETY

Abstract

Guan Gong, a famous character from the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history, is revered in Chinese culture to the point of being almost considered divine, surpassing his worldly accomplishments. This essay analyses the several stages of Guan Gong's historical veneration and the circumstances that led to his deification and enduring impact on Chinese society.

The study of Guan Gong's veneration can be divided into three clearly defined historical epochs. Guan Yu's connection with Jingzhou under the Sui and Tang dynasties was crucial in his acknowledgment after his death. This is evident from the early establishment of temples dedicated to him and the oldest written documents, dating back to 802 AD. Throughout this time, his portrayal evolved from a highly respected guardian of Buddhist temples to a majestic presence in imperial ceremonies, although he was not completely dissociated from the perception of a formidable spirit in traditional stories.

During the Song Dynasty, the increased popularity of literature and the reciprocal endorsement from Buddhism and Daoism greatly enhanced Guan Yu's stature. He was bestowed with multiple posthumous titles by emperors, which demonstrated a blend of imperial approval and popular public admiration. This period represented a crucial phase in the development of the extensive adoration of Guan Gong.

During the Ming and Qing eras, there was a revival and growth in the worship of Guan Gong, despite being first suppressed due to Zhu Yuanzhang's emphasis on civic rather than military abilities. Guan Gong received prestigious titles, including "Emperor Co-assisting Heaven" and "Great Emperor Guan the Saint of War," which established him as a significant divinity in Daoism and placed him on par with Confucius as the "Martial Saint." The endorsement and promotion by imperial dynasties greatly strengthened the practice of Guan Gong worship across society.

Upon studying the variables that influenced the adoration of Guan Gong, it becomes apparent that his perceived virtuous attributes played a pivotal role. These include bravery, righteousness, and loyalty, traits that have been carefully emphasized and maintained in historical and literary works. The cult of Guan Gong was fostered through the endorsement of multiple religious schools (Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism), as well as the support of the imperial court and the public's desire for protective and morally upright characters. The contemporary reverence for Guan Gong encompasses a fusion of historical, artistic, political, religious, and economic elements. The resurgence of Guan Gong veneration in modern times is supported by a profound cultural psychology and a renewed commitment to ancient cultural principles.

This article seeks to offer a comprehensive comprehension of Guan Gong's evolution from a historical fighter to a cultural and religious symbol, examining his lasting influence on Chinese culture and the fundamental factors behind his ongoing veneration in contemporary society.

Keywords: Guan Gong, Guan Yu, Chinese culture, Religious belief, Loyalty, Righteousness