ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC AWARENESS ON RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND IT IS RISK FACTOR, RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA 2022
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints but can also have systemic manifestations involving various organs of the body. RA is recognized as one of the most debilitating disorders due to its progressive nature, which leads to joint destruction, deformities, and significant impairment in quality of life. The disease is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes into synovial tissues, joints, and synovial fluid, resulting in persistent inflammation and the eventual breakdown of joint cartilage (Smolen et al., 2016). This progressive joint damage leads to pain, functional disability, and a reduced ability to perform daily activities. Since RA was first identified by Sir Alfred Baring Garrod in 1859, it has been recognized as a chronic disease with no definitive cure. Long-term remission or complete resolution of symptoms is rare, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis, effective management, and increased public awareness of the disease (Alamanos et al., 2006).
The prevalence of RA varies across populations, with an estimated lifetime prevalence of up to 1% globally (Silman & Hochberg, 2001). While this may seem relatively low, the disease has a profound impact on those it affects. RA is ranked as the 42nd highest contributor to global disability, as measured by Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) (Cross et al., 2014). The disease’s burden is more closely associated with its impact on morbidity rather than mortality. Common symptoms such as chronic pain, fatigue, depression, and functional impairment contribute significantly to the reduction in quality of life for RA patients. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank estimate that RA accounts for approximately 0.8% of all global DALYs and 0.1% of all deaths in Europe. These statistics highlight the critical importance of managing RA to reduce its disabling effects (Cross et al., 2014).
RA predominantly affects women, with a female-to-male ratio of approximately 3:1. This gender disparity is believed to result from a combination of genetic factors, particularly X-linked traits, and hormonal influences (McInnes & Schett, 2011). The disease typically begins between the ages of 40 and 60, but it can also occur in younger and older individuals. Family history is another significant risk factor for RA, although it remains unclear whether this is due to genetic predisposition or shared environmental exposures within families (Padyukov et al., 2004). Environmental factors such as smoking, obesity, and certain infections have also been implicated in the development of RA (Scott et al., 2010). Identifying and understanding these risk factors is crucial for implementing preventive strategies and targeting early interventions.
Despite advancements in medical research and treatment options, the prognosis of RA often depends on how early the disease is diagnosed and managed. Early intervention with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics can slow disease progression, reduce inflammation, and prevent joint damage (Smolen et al., 2016). However, delayed diagnosis remains a significant challenge, particularly in regions where awareness of RA is limited. Studies have shown that low awareness of RA among the general population is associated with delayed diagnosis, poor treatment outcomes, and increased disease severity (Aletaha et al., 2010). This underscores the need for public health initiatives to raise awareness about RA, its symptoms, and its risk factors.
The consequences of RA extend beyond physical health. Patients with RA often experience social and economic challenges due to their reduced ability to work and participate in social activities. The disease can lead to significant financial burdens for individuals and healthcare systems due to the high costs of treatment, frequent medical visits, and loss of productivity (Scott et al., 2010). Furthermore, the psychological effects of living with a chronic disease, such as anxiety and depression, are common among RA patients, further diminishing their quality of life (Matcham et al., 2014).
The importance of studying RA and its risk factors cannot be overstated. Understanding the disease’s etiology, progression, and impact can help guide the development of effective prevention and management strategies. Increased public awareness campaigns can play a pivotal role in promoting early diagnosis and encouraging individuals to seek medical attention when experiencing symptoms such as joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. Public health efforts should also focus on educating the population about modifiable risk factors, such as smoking cessation and maintaining a healthy weight, to reduce the risk of developing RA (Scott et al., 2010).
In conclusion, rheumatoid arthritis is a complex and multifaceted disease that demands attention from both the medical community and public health sectors. Its significant impact on quality of life, combined with its economic and social implications, highlights the need for increased awareness, early diagnosis, and effective management. By addressing these challenges, we can improve outcomes for individuals living with RA and reduce the overall burden of the disease on society. This study aims to assess public awareness of rheumatoid arthritis and its risk factors among the population of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with the goal of identifying knowledge gaps and informing future educational and preventive initiatives.
